Determination of Anthracene Derivatives in Baltic Amber Using SERS

The article describes the results of Raman spectroscopy and SERS for the study of fluorescent components of Baltic amber via the extraction method. Using SERS, it was possible to confirm the presence of anthracene derivatives in amber: tetracene and benzanthracene. It has been shown that SERS methods are effective for the detection of aromatic compounds; they increase the registered Raman signal and make it possible to identify peaks characteristic of the compounds under study. By combining experimental methods with DFT simulations, anthracene derivatives were modeled and confirmed to be present in the structure of Baltic amber. A combination of the proposed methods can be used to distinguish between different types of amber and isolate the necessary amber components. The obtained results are promising for compiling spectral maps of ambers for their possible classification by their place of origin.


Introduction
Over the last decades, a large number of studies have been carried out on fossil resins, determining their age, analyzing inclusions in natural resin [1][2][3][4][5], determining the geographical and geological deposits [6,7], distinguishing real natural resins from fakes [8], and distinguishing different varieties [9][10][11][12][13][14]. To date, more than a hundred different fossil resins have been described [15]. Many resins contain terpenoid compounds that readily polymerize when exposed to light or air, resulting in the formation of hardened resinous masses that can also be observed on modern trees [16]. Cured resins are often highly resistant to many of the typical degradation mechanisms and usually persist in deposits. The fossilized form of plant resin is known as amber.
It is known that amber contains several chemical elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. However, in different types of amber, the percentage varies [17]. Amber is classified based on the chemical nature of the polymerized terpenoids that make up the macromolecular structure. For example, class I amber is divided into subgroups [16]. Class Ia includes polylabdanoid ambers containing succinic acid (Baltic amber). Class Ib also includes polylabdanoid ambers; however, specimens of this group lack succinic acid. Class Ic amber also does not contain succinic acid but is based on enantio-series labdanoid polymers.
In the study of amber, special attention is paid to its spectral properties. At present, nondestructive optical methods such as fluorescence and vibrational spectroscopy are used to study the chemical composition of amber and amber-like resins [18]. Since the intensity of fluorescence is proportional to the concentration of the fluorophore, it is possible to assess the degree of heterogeneity of a given substance in a sample. Depending on the type of amber particles, luminescence from bluish to green can be observed [19].
modeling. It was shown that these substances can be found in the composition of Baltic amber due to its extraction method. Based on the results of the work carried out, the prospects for the analysis of amber using the Raman spectroscopy method are shown.

Materials and Methods
A schematic illustration of the Raman and SERS experiment is shown in Figure 1.
Sensors 2023, 23, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 19 and the only ones possible to use. Theoretical spectra of putative compounds in the structure of natural resin (naphthacene and benzo [a]anthracene) were calculated through DFT mathematical modeling. It was shown that these substances can be found in the composition of Baltic amber due to its extraction method. Based on the results of the work carried out, the prospects for the analysis of amber using the Raman spectroscopy method are shown.

Materials and Methods
A schematic illustration of the Raman and SERS experiment is shown in Figure 1.

Spectrophotometry Experiment
The amber absorption study was carried out using a Shimadzu-2600 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) designed to obtain absorption, transmission, reflection, and energy spectra. The excitation was carried out in the wavelength range of 200-800 nm. Polished Baltic amber was used to study the absorption of amber. A total of 1081 g of amber was weighed on an ALC-210d4 (Aculab, Norwood, MA, USA) laboratory analytical scale, which was then placed in a 10 × 10 mm cuvette for spectrophotometry with transparent walls, and then, together with the sample, the cuvette was placed in the sample holder of the instrument. The sample spectrum was taken using the UVProbe program in "Spectrum" mode. After that, the obtained absorption spectrum of the sample was recorded in the txt format, which was further processed in the Origin program.

Raman Experiment
The Raman scattering spectra of amber and amber extract were studied using the research complex Centaur U HR (NanoscanTechnology, Moscow, Russia). The amber extract was prepared as follows: a certain amount of the amber fraction was weighed on electronic scales, after which the amber was placed in a tall glass with a volume of 50 mL. Using an Eppendorf Research+ automatic pipette, 40 mL of distilled water was measured

Spectrophotometry Experiment
The amber absorption study was carried out using a Shimadzu-2600 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) designed to obtain absorption, transmission, reflection, and energy spectra. The excitation was carried out in the wavelength range of 200-800 nm. Polished Baltic amber was used to study the absorption of amber. A total of 1081 g of amber was weighed on an ALC-210d4 (Aculab, Norwood, MA, USA) laboratory analytical scale, which was then placed in a 10 × 10 mm cuvette for spectrophotometry with transparent walls, and then, together with the sample, the cuvette was placed in the sample holder of the instrument. The sample spectrum was taken using the UVProbe program in "Spectrum" mode. After that, the obtained absorption spectrum of the sample was recorded in the txt format, which was further processed in the Origin program.

Raman Experiment
The Raman scattering spectra of amber and amber extract were studied using the research complex Centaur U HR (NanoscanTechnology, Moscow, Russia). The amber extract was prepared as follows: a certain amount of the amber fraction was weighed on electronic scales, after which the amber was placed in a tall glass with a volume of 50 mL. Using an Eppendorf Research+ automatic pipette, 40 mL of distilled water was measured and added to the amber. Next, the glasses were placed on an induction stove. Water with an amber fraction was brought to a boil. To minimize the loss of water through steam, the glasses were covered with watch glasses with a diameter corresponding to the diameter of the glass. Each of the samples was boiled for 20-120 min. After being removed from the induction cooker, the resulting liquid was cooled, and the amber was taken out. After drying, the amber was weighed again, after which the difference in mass before and after evaporation was recorded. An Acculab ALC-210d4 laboratory analytical scale with a Sensors 2023, 23, 2161 4 of 18 measurement error of 0.1 mg was used as an electronic scale. Some of the obtained values of the mass difference turned out to be less than the error of the instrument, so it was not possible to calculate the approximate concentration of the amber extract. However, in the study, we decided to test all the obtained samples in order to determine the success of the extraction of Baltic amber depending on the boiling time. The resulting samples are presented in Table 1. Amber particles were investigated using the following parameters: panoramic acquisition was performed in the range of λ = 539-641 nm, averaging over measurements; the number of measurements-3; ND filter-0; and the accumulation time varied-10 s, 20 s, and 50 s. The amber extract was taken under the following conditions: panoramic acquisition at 539-641 nm, averaging over 3 measurements; ND filter-0; and accumulation time-30 s. In both cases of the study, a grating of 300 gr/mm was used. The obtained spectra were saved in the txt format, which was further processed in the Origin program. After processing, a spectral comparison of the experimental graphs with the KnowItAll (Willey, UK) database was carried out.

SERS Experiment
To implement the SERS technique, silver NPs were created in accordance with the method of chemical reduction from AgNO 3 salt. When obtaining silver NPs by this method, the method of chemical reduction according to Turkevich [52], used for the chemical synthesis of silver and gold, was used. In 500 mL of distilled water, 50 mg of AgNO 3 silver nitrate salt was dissolved. The solution was brought to a boil while being intensively stirred, after which 9 mL of a solution of aqueous sodium citrate, Na 3 C 6 H 5 O 7 , with a concentration of 1% was added to it. After thorough mixing, the solution changed color from transparent to yellow-green. Thus, silver NPs were reduced from the silver nitrate salt. The process of chemical reduction of silver corresponds to the following equation: The concentration of the resulting solution was calculated in accordance with the formula where r denotes the radius of silver particles, m = 50.1 mg denotes the mass of silver in solution, and ρ = 10.5 g/cm 3 denotes the density of silver. The molar concentration C Ag of silver was determined according to the following expression: The molar concentration of the colloidal silver solution used was C = 4.5 × 10 −10 M. The plasmonic absorption spectra and the size of silver nanoparticles were determined using a Shimadzu-2600 spectrophotometer and a Photocor Complex (LTD "Photocor", Moscow, Russia) dynamic light scattering setup, respectively. The particle size was deter-  Figure 2). Based on the chosen data processing model, the integral relative measurement error was 0.0035%. The maximum plasmonic absorption was recorded at a wavelength of λ = 406 nm (Figure 2a). The high-resolution Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used to produce secondary-electron images of synthetic samples of silver nanoparticles. All SEM images ware obtained on Zeiss Crossbeam 540 FIB-SEM system (Oberkochen, Germany), which is part of a unique scientific facility "SynchrotronLike" (Kaliningrad, Russia). The SEM image of silver nanoparticles (Figure 2b) was collected at 10 kV beam energy and 200 pA beam current (FOV~1.6 x 1.6 um) with InLens (SE) electron detector. According to SEM, the average particle size was 17 ± 1 nm (the analysis was performed in ImageJ software using built-in "analyze particles" plugin). The difference between the Photocor and SEM data values is caused by the citrate shell of the nanoparticle stabilizer. In this case, according to the SEM data, we can discuss about the core (17 nm) of the particle and the shells around it (44 nm).
The molar concentration of the colloidal silver solution used was C = 4.5 × 10 −10 M. The plasmonic absorption spectra and the size of silver nanoparticles were determined using a Shimadzu-2600 spectrophotometer and a Photocor Complex (LTD "Photocor", Moscow, Russia) dynamic light scattering setup, respectively. The particle size was determined as d = 44 nm (inset in Figure 2). Based on the chosen data processing model, the integral relative measurement error was 0.0035%. The maximum plasmonic absorption was recorded at a wavelength of λ = 406 nm (Figure 2a). The high-resolution Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used to produce secondary-electron images of synthetic samples of silver nanoparticles. All SEM images ware obtained on Zeiss Crossbeam 540 FIB-SEM system (Oberkochen, Germany), which is part of a unique scientific facility "SynchrotronLike" (Kaliningrad, Russia). The SEM image of silver nanoparticles ( Figure  2b) was collected at 10 kV beam energy and 200 pA beam current (FOV ~ 1.6 x 1.6 um) with InLens (SE) electron detector. According to SEM, the average particle size was 17 ± 1 nm (the analysis was performed in ImageJ software using built-in "analyze particles" plugin). The difference between the Photocor and SEM data values is caused by the citrate shell of the nanoparticle stabilizer. In this case, according to the SEM data, we can discuss about the core (17 nm) of the particle and the shells around it (44 nm).  Since silver hydrosols have stable plasmon absorption in the visible region and their spectrum overlaps with the absorption and fluorescence spectra of amber, it was therefore possible to implement the processes of plasmon energy transfer in the amber/NP complex.
Registration of the SERS spectra of amber was carried out using the Centaur U HR research complex (LTD "NanoScanTechnology", Moscow, Russia). Extracted amber was investigated with silver NPs via the following technique: Optically clear quartz glass was covered with 5 drops of 2 µL of colloidal silver in 3 rows. The quartz substrate was placed in a UT-4610 (LTD "UralSnab", Izhevsk, Russia) oven for 5 min, where the citrate sol was dried at 38 °C. After surface drying, another 2 µL layer of silver citrate sol was applied on top of the first layer in drops. The quartz plate was dried again under the same conditions. Since silver hydrosols have stable plasmon absorption in the visible region and their spectrum overlaps with the absorption and fluorescence spectra of amber, it was therefore possible to implement the processes of plasmon energy transfer in the amber/NP complex.
Registration of the SERS spectra of amber was carried out using the Centaur U HR research complex (LTD "NanoScanTechnology", Moscow, Russia). Extracted amber was investigated with silver NPs via the following technique: Optically clear quartz glass was covered with 5 drops of 2 µL of colloidal silver in 3 rows. The quartz substrate was placed in a UT-4610 (LTD "UralSnab", Izhevsk, Russia) oven for 5 min, where the citrate sol was dried at 38 • C. After surface drying, another 2 µL layer of silver citrate sol was applied on top of the first layer in drops. The quartz plate was dried again under the same conditions. After drying, another layer of sol was applied to the uppermost row, in drops of 2 µL. The quartz cuvette was dried again under the same conditions. After drying, a sample of 2 µL was applied to each of the island silver films using an Eppendorf Research automatic pipette with a tip. The quartz cuvette was again dried under the same conditions. After that, it was placed on the scientific unit holder for further investigation. The layout of samples on quartz glass during the experiment with an amber extract and silver NPs is shown in Figure 3.
After drying, another layer of sol was applied to the uppermost row, in drops of 2 µL. The quartz cuvette was dried again under the same conditions. After drying, a sample of 2 µL was applied to each of the island silver films using an Eppendorf Research automatic pipette with a tip. The quartz cuvette was again dried under the same conditions. After that, it was placed on the scientific unit holder for further investigation. The layout of samples on quartz glass during the experiment with an amber extract and silver NPs is shown in Figure 3. Using a digital video camera IDus 401-DV CCD camera (Andor, UK) with a 1024 × 256 pixels sensor, an image was obtained from the sample. The image from the camera was displayed on a computer screen using the NSpec (LTD "NanoScanTechnology") software (version 16.0), where the device parameters were adjusted, the opto-mechanical module, monochromator, and laser radiation source were controlled, data were controlled and received from detectors, data were processed, and samples were taken. Amber extract on silver island films was investigated under the following conditions: panoramic acquisition at λ = 539-641 nm, averaging over 3 measurements, ND filter-0, accumulation time-30 s, and a grating with 300 gr/mm. The obtained spectra were saved in the txt format and were further processed in the Origin program.

Simulation of Raman Spectra
The Gaussian 16 software package (license number: G64284555249899W-6922N) was used to calculate the theoretical Raman spectra. In the GaussView 6 molecular visualization program, the structure of the substances analyzed in the Baltic amber was built: tetracene (naphthacene) (Figure 4a   Using a digital video camera IDus 401-DV CCD camera (Andor, UK) with a 1024 × 256 pixels sensor, an image was obtained from the sample. The image from the camera was displayed on a computer screen using the NSpec (LTD "NanoScanTechnology") software (version 16.0), where the device parameters were adjusted, the opto-mechanical module, monochromator, and laser radiation source were controlled, data were controlled and received from detectors, data were processed, and samples were taken. Amber extract on silver island films was investigated under the following conditions: panoramic acquisition at λ = 539-641 nm, averaging over 3 measurements, ND filter-0, accumulation time-30 s, and a grating with 300 gr/mm. The obtained spectra were saved in the txt format and were further processed in the Origin program.

Simulation of Raman Spectra
The Gaussian 16 software package (license number: G64284555249899W-6922N) was used to calculate the theoretical Raman spectra. In the GaussView 6 molecular visualization program, the structure of the substances analyzed in the Baltic amber was built: tetracene (naphthacene) (Figure 4a) and benzo [a]anthracene (Figure 4b).
After drying, another layer of sol was applied to the uppermost row, in drops of 2 µL. The quartz cuvette was dried again under the same conditions. After drying, a sample of 2 µL was applied to each of the island silver films using an Eppendorf Research automatic pipette with a tip. The quartz cuvette was again dried under the same conditions. After that, it was placed on the scientific unit holder for further investigation. The layout of samples on quartz glass during the experiment with an amber extract and silver NPs is shown in Figure 3. Using a digital video camera IDus 401-DV CCD camera (Andor, UK) with a 1024 × 256 pixels sensor, an image was obtained from the sample. The image from the camera was displayed on a computer screen using the NSpec (LTD "NanoScanTechnology") software (version 16.0), where the device parameters were adjusted, the opto-mechanical module, monochromator, and laser radiation source were controlled, data were controlled and received from detectors, data were processed, and samples were taken. Amber extract on silver island films was investigated under the following conditions: panoramic acquisition at λ = 539-641 nm, averaging over 3 measurements, ND filter-0, accumulation time-30 s, and a grating with 300 gr/mm. The obtained spectra were saved in the txt format and were further processed in the Origin program.

Simulation of Raman Spectra
The Gaussian 16 software package (license number: G64284555249899W-6922N) was used to calculate the theoretical Raman spectra. In the GaussView 6 molecular visualization program, the structure of the substances analyzed in the Baltic amber was built: tetracene (naphthacene) (Figure 4a   The Raman spectra were obtained via the DFT method using the hybrid three-parameter Becke-Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP) exchange-correlation functional based on optimized molecular structures. As a basis set, a bivalent basis set with a split valence of 6-31G (d) was chosen, which includes 6 primitive Gaussians that make up the basis function of each base atomic orbital. The first valence orbital is made up of a combination of 3 primitive Gaussian functions, and the other is made up of a linear combination of 1 primitive Gaussian function. Based on the selected vibrational modes, an envelope line was constructed, the graph of which was used later to analyze the obtained experimental data.
The MP2 approximation was used to correct the obtained values for frequencies. As a criterion for assessing the quality of the calculation of vibrational frequencies, we used the value of the sum of squared deviations from a linear dependence.

FT-IR Experiment
To obtain FT-IR spectra, an IR-Prestige-21 (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) spectrophotometer was used. The samples were prepared in KBr pellets. For this, the required amount of amber was weighed using electronic scales (AcuLab, Norwood, MA, USA). Amber pieces were placed in an agate mortar and crushed into crumbs as a next step. An amount of KBr powder, pre-weighed on an electronic balance, was added to the resulting crumb. Crushed amber was mixed with potassium bromide. After that, the agate mortar with the sample was placed in the UT-4610 oven for 10 min at 36 • C to dry the moisture that the potassium bromide powder could absorb to avoid the appearance of water absorption bands in the spectrum. After drying, the sample was rubbed again.
Samples with silver NPs were prepared as a second step. With the help of electronic scales, the required amount of amber was weighed. This amount was placed in an agate mortar and crushed into crumbs as the next step. A certain amount of KBr powder preweighed on an electronic balance was added to the resulting crumbs. Crushed amber was mixed with potassium bromide. After that, the agate mortar with the sample was placed in the UT-4610 oven for 10 min at 36 • C to dry the moisture. After drying, some colloidal silver was added to the sample using an Eppendorf Research automatic pipette with a tip and triturated again. After that, the agate mortar with the mixture was again placed in the UT-4610 oven for 10 min at a temperature of 36 • C to dry out the moisture. After that, the mixture was ground again and again placed in a UT-4610 oven under the same conditions. The resulting samples are presented in Table 2.

Spectrophotometry of Amber
Since amber has a rather complex structure, the first stage of the study was the interpretation of the data on its absorption components ( Figure 5). As can be seen from the resulting spectrum, Baltic amber absorbs in a wide range of wavelengths, from the UV region to the near IR region, which is ensured by the complexity of the structure and the presence of several absorbing components. Several maxima are distinguished in the spectrum of amber. It is difficult to determine which aromatic compounds they belong to due to the complex structure of amber. The maximum absorp- As can be seen from the resulting spectrum, Baltic amber absorbs in a wide range of wavelengths, from the UV region to the near IR region, which is ensured by the complexity of the structure and the presence of several absorbing components. Several maxima are distinguished in the spectrum of amber. It is difficult to determine which aromatic compounds they belong to due to the complex structure of amber. The maximum absorption value of Baltic amber can be observed when amber is irradiated with a wavelength of λ = 423 nm. As the wavelength increases further, the absorption spectrum decreases monotonically. According to the literature data [53], a fairly wide range of compounds in amber has been identified (Acenaphthene, 1-Methylnaphthalene, Phenanthrene, Anthracene, 2,6-Dimethyl-naphthalene, 1,6-Dimethyl-naphthalene, Reten (1-methyl-7-isopropylphenanthrene), 2-Methyl-anthracene, 2,3-Dimethyl-naphthalene, 9-Methylnaphthalene, Phenanthrene) with the most intense absorption maximum of close derivatives of anthracene (Anthracene, Methyl-anthracene, Tetracene), with which further work was carried out.

Amber Particles
The research was carried out using Raman and SERS spectroscopies of amber particles and extracts. The most intense vibrations for particles were detected at 1141 cm −1 , 1647 cm −1 , 2876 cm −1 , and 2939 cm −1 .
In the analyzed spectra, vibrations related to the structure of tetracene and benzo [a]anthracene are observable. Based on the studies of the Raman spectra of the studied substances, the following vibrational modes for tetracene can be distinguished [54]: C-H bending vibrations at 1196 cm −1 , C-C stretch oscillation at 1447 cm −1 , and C-C stretching at 1615 cm −1 . For benzanthracene on the obtained spectrum of Baltic amber crumbs, characteristic fluctuations at 968 cm −1 , 1208 cm −1 , and 1356 cm −1 can be distinguished [53]. To analyze the amber structure in greater depth, we used the FRET theory based on the spectral overlap of tetracene and benzanthracene fluorescence with a silver absorption band. This made it possible to effectively transport plasmon energy in the complex and study tetracene components in detail. Figure 6 shows the fingerprint region of the Raman spectrum of amber particles with the selected vibration modes characteristic of aromatic compounds.

Amber Extracts
One of the solutions for isolating fluorescent groups in the structure of amber is their extraction. When amber is heated, a coniferous smell can be detected, which indicates the release of some aromatic groups. But it is difficult to collect vapors emanating from a solid sample. One way to study the fumes that come out of amber when it is heated is to boil the amber. Thus, all chemical compounds will remain in the liquid, which can be studied using Raman spectroscopy and SERS.
The next stage of the study was to obtain the Raman spectra of the obtained amber extracts with different boiling times. However, in the course of the study, it was found

Amber Extracts
One of the solutions for isolating fluorescent groups in the structure of amber is their extraction. When amber is heated, a coniferous smell can be detected, which indicates the Sensors 2023, 23, 2161 9 of 18 release of some aromatic groups. But it is difficult to collect vapors emanating from a solid sample. One way to study the fumes that come out of amber when it is heated is to boil the amber. Thus, all chemical compounds will remain in the liquid, which can be studied using Raman spectroscopy and SERS.
The next stage of the study was to obtain the Raman spectra of the obtained amber extracts with different boiling times. However, in the course of the study, it was found that the obtained extracts of amber, regardless of the boiling time, cannot be detected using Raman spectroscopy (Figure 7).

Amber Extracts
One of the solutions for isolating fluorescent groups in the structure of amber is th extraction. When amber is heated, a coniferous smell can be detected, which indicates release of some aromatic groups. But it is difficult to collect vapors emanating from a so sample. One way to study the fumes that come out of amber when it is heated is to b the amber. Thus, all chemical compounds will remain in the liquid, which can be stud using Raman spectroscopy and SERS.
The next stage of the study was to obtain the Raman spectra of the obtained am extracts with different boiling times. However, in the course of the study, it was fou that the obtained extracts of amber, regardless of the boiling time, cannot be detected ing Raman spectroscopy (Figure 7).  Since the obtained spectra were low intensity and highly noisy, it was not possible to spectrally identify the extracted aromatic compounds. To confirm the hypothesis that extraction makes it possible to isolate aromatic compounds from the structure of Baltic amber, the spectral identification of this compound was carried out using the SERS method ( Figure 8). Since the obtained spectra were low intensity and highly noisy, it was not possible to spectrally identify the extracted aromatic compounds. To confirm the hypothesis that extraction makes it possible to isolate aromatic compounds from the structure of Baltic amber, the spectral identification of this compound was carried out using the SERS method ( Figure 8).  Figure 8 demonstrates that the extraction of amber by evaporation of aromatic compounds from the natural resin was successful, as evidenced by the maximum at 2939 cm −1 , which characterizes the deformation of the aromatic ring. Therefore, in the future, we will consider the fingerprint zone in the SERS spectra of extracted amber (Figures 9 and 10).  Figure 8 demonstrates that the extraction of amber by evaporation of aromatic compounds from the natural resin was successful, as evidenced by the maximum at 2939 cm −1 , which characterizes the deformation of the aromatic ring. Therefore, in the future, we will consider the fingerprint zone in the SERS spectra of extracted amber (Figures 9 and 10).   Using the KnowItAll program, the vibration modes of the analyzed sample termined. Table 3 shows the maximums shown by the samples.  Using the KnowItAll program, the vibration modes of the analyzed sample termined. Table 4 shows the maximums shown by the samples. Using the KnowItAll program, the vibration modes of the analyzed sample were determined. Table 3 shows the maximums shown by the samples. Using the KnowItAll program, the vibration modes of the analyzed sample were determined. Table 4 shows the maximums shown by the samples.  Examining the extracted amber, it is observable that the vibrations identified earlier in the structure of natural resin for tetracene (1196 cm −1 , 1447 cm −1 , 1615 cm −1 ) [53] and for benzanthracene (968 cm −1 , 1208 cm −1 , 1356 cm −1 ) [55] have been preserved, which allowed us to conclude that these chemical compounds were successfully extracted.
The Raman spectrum of an amber extract without silver NPs could not be analyzed due to strong noise due to the weak response of the sample to radiation. However, when investigating an amber extract, a resolved spectrum appears on silver island films, which makes it possible to analyze the compound and, in particular, to detect tetracene and benzo [a]anthracene, despite the fact that the observed signal enhancement is small.
The EF SERS coefficient can be calculated using the formula: where I SERS and I Raman denote the spectral intensities in the presence and absence of NPs, respectively, and C Raman and C SERS are the concentration of the test sample without NPs and with NPs, respectively. If the equal concentration for SERS and RS was used, Formula (4) can be simplified: The EF SERS coefficient was calculated for the concentration of amber extract at t = 120 min and K SERS = 30.

Simulation of Extract Spectra
Using the Gaussian software, the mathematical modeling of the substances tetracene and benzo [a]anthracene was carried out and confirmed. Next, the simulated spectra of tetracene ( Figure 11) and the comparison of the vibration modes of tetracene on the spectrum of an amber extract ( Figure 12) were presented. The spectrum of benzanthracene was also modeled ( Figure 13). The vibration modes of this compound were also compared with the SERS spectrum of the amber extract ( Figure 14). 120 min and KSERS = 30.

Simulation of Extract Spectra
Using the Gaussian software, the mathematical modeling of the substances tetracene and benzo [a]anthracene was carried out and confirmed. Next, the simulated spectra of tetracene ( Figure 11) and the comparison of the vibration modes of tetracene on the spectrum of an amber extract ( Figure 12) were presented. The spectrum of benzanthracene was also modeled ( Figure 13). The vibration modes of this compound were also compared with the SERS spectrum of the amber extract ( Figure 14).  When comparing the practical graph of the amber extract with the theoretical graph of tetracene, several corresponding fluctuations can be distinguished, which are presented in Table 5. Table 5. Modes isolated in the structure of tetracene, correlated with the structure of the amber extract with boiling time t = 80 min. Figure 12. Comparison of the SERS spectrum of the extract of amber with boiling time t = 80 min on one layer of silver island film (black graph) and the simulated vibrational modes of tetracene (red line). The blue dots mark vibrations corresponding to the molded structure of tetracene. In order to consider low-intensity oscillations, high-intensity oscillations were removed from the comparison graph but taken into account when vibrational modes were required.  When comparing the practical graph of the amber extract and the theoretical gr of benzanthracene, several corresponding fluctuations can be identified, which are sented in Table 6.  When comparing the practical graph of the amber extract and the theoretical gra of benzanthracene, several corresponding fluctuations can be identified, which are p sented in Table 6. When comparing the practical graph of the amber extract with the theoretical graph of tetracene, several corresponding fluctuations can be distinguished, which are presented in Table 5. When comparing the practical graph of the amber extract and the theoretical graph of benzanthracene, several corresponding fluctuations can be identified, which are presented in Table 6.

FT-IR Spectroscopy
A comparison of the obtained FT-IR spectra of amber chips with and without NPs is shown in Figure 15.

FT-IR Spectroscopy
A comparison of the obtained FT-IR spectra of amber chips with and without NPs is shown in Figure 15. Analyzing the graphs, it can be seen that without NPs, a large amount of noise appears in the sample, which complicates the process of determining the substance included in the sample. However, the addition of a small number of silver NPs (3 µL) reduces the amount of noise, which improves the possibility of detecting the sample and determining the vibrational structures contained in them. In this regard, we can conclude that there is Analyzing the graphs, it can be seen that without NPs, a large amount of noise appears in the sample, which complicates the process of determining the substance included in the sample. However, the addition of a small number of silver NPs (3 µL) reduces the amount of noise, which improves the possibility of detecting the sample and determining the vibrational structures contained in them. In this regard, we can conclude that there is a use for a plasmon-enhanced IR spectroscopy technique. For amber chips, several IR absorption maxima are observed, corresponding to OH stretching vibrations: a maximum at 3424 cm −1 and a maximum at 1381 cm −1 . The maximum at 2920 cm −1 corresponds to asymmetric C-H stretching vibrations. The maximum at 1120 cm −1 corresponds to asymmetric and symmetric C-O-C stretching vibrations. The maximum at 890 cm −1 corresponds to fanshaped C-H stretching vibrations [56,57].
It should be noted that amber extracts with different boiling times were studied via FT-IR spectroscopy. However, regardless of the number of added NPs, the FT-IR spectrum failed to detect the amber extract. Therefore, metal-enhanced IR spectroscopy is not suitable for this study.

Conclusions
As a result of the paper, it was possible to isolate amber's fluorescent components using the extraction method. Using SERS, it was possible to confirm anthracene derivatives in amber, namely tetracene and benz[a] nthracene. The extraction of amber can help distinguish the chemical structure of different kinds of amber and, consequently, the deposit and its value. With the usage of silver nanoparticles, SERS methods for the study of amber have been successfully implemented. It has been shown that SERS methods are effective for aromatic compound detection, increasing the registered signal by at least 30 times. Using the method of mathematical modeling, anthracene derivatives were modeled, and their presence in the structure of Baltic amber was shown. The purposes for differentiation for ambers were shown.